united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904

), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. 3 (1933): 44874. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. 10. The Library of Congress has accepted an estimate of one million Filipino fatalities, which also circulates in the Philippines. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence All rights reserved. The map shows the thirteen original states and the territories acquired in 1783, the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Florida purchased from Spain in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, the Oregon Country acquired by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, the Mexican cession of western territories in . diss., University of Chicago, 2014). ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. 2. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. and Germany, Leased from Panama Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. Arguments for U.S. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. 3. The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. United States Maps: Acquisition of Territory; Expansionism only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. All instructions are in the template file. 36. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. 19. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. It set the Philippines free. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. (Oxford, 1989). We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. 29. %PDF-1.5 For a widely read recent articulation of the Williams thesis that the United States has pursued imperialism by other means, see Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ, 2010). Also available in digital form. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. What Is an Acquisition? Definition, Meaning, Types, and Examples But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. 161. (Santo Domingo, 1998). Growth of Imperialism United States--Territorial expansion. Wall maps. By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. - Shattuc, W. B. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. 2. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama state.gov. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. Gift; Howard Roscoe; 1997. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. Cover title. 8. 27. Bicknell, Edward. Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. 43. 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. 45. But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez But things are changing quickly. U.S. I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. 21. ch. Pdf. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. Surely, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the war. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. 1845. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. commonwealth status as Federated States of 1848. (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico SHAFR members are now turning with great zeal toward military bases, extraterritoriality agreements, occupation zones, Indian polities, and colonies. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. Annexation of independent republic. The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . WhatsApp Chat is free, download and try it now here! Acquisitions of US Territory, 1783-1853 - etc.usf.edu In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. 1857. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following But they are not the whole of it. ",#(7),01444'9=82. % annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. An acquisition occurs when a buying company . 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. 15. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . For a very long time, in fact. Cover-title. This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. This was not a freak event. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. Chronological List of United States Expansion - Weber State University APUSH- United sates Acquisitions and Annexations Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. 12. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. The revolt touched eight cities. If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. 5 0 obj In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. You wont find him anywhere in the Oxford History of the United States , the New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations , or any of the major textbooksincluding those, like Howard Zinns Peoples History of the United States and James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me , explicitly designed to give voice to suppressed histories. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. Leadership Task 2 The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. 1. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. 26. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. 286,541. Mexican Cession. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain Gadsden Purchase. Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). independent as Republic of the Marshall Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. Mexican Cession. Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. JFIF ` ` C 4. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. (New York, 2006), 179. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain Hi That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. The company operated by providing a network of support infrastructure for adventuring groups, which were referred to as franchises. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. It is generally held to be an illegal act. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes 33. 24. of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal PDF Chapter 10 It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. of the United States, Geography 20 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases.