famous whaling ships

At the same time she made the startling observation that the whales were inventing wonderful synchronized movements, a behavior that was soon recognized as a defining characteristic of orca society. Blubber-hook and Fin-Chain Hundreds of ships left American ports, hunting the planet's largest living creatures. Possibly it is a variant of the name " Pequot " which was an old Indian tribe North American. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. The Cachalot Whales and whaling pictures Next Previous Back to gallery Back to whale and whaling thumbnails An engraving of the "Cachalot" a New Bedford whaler made famous by F.T. Justice Goff's Irish Rescue Party. This unique book gives artists, collectors, and everyone interested in scrimshaw a great reference. Shipping Intelligence: Captain Scullum, 30 days from Ahkotsk Sea. Today, Norway supports hunting minke whales for meat. Catalogue of Cetacea of the North Pacific Ocean. The George is a barque of 400 tons burthen; was condemned and sold at Oahu in the early part of the present year for $1290; was fitted up at a cost approximating to $8,000, and is now in port as good as the day she was bought, after a voyage of five months, with a cargo worth to the captain $25,000; having in that time cleared 100 per cent for her owner. Sag Harbor became one of the largest whaling ports in the country. Breslin left America on the 13th of September with Tom Desmond, a Civil War veteran. They were powered by sails and, even though heavily dependent on winds, helped establish the flourishing whaling industry. Its roots lie in the traditional art of whaling men of the 18th and 19th centuries, but it has developed as a recognized art form. January 10, 1870, Daily Alta California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. From the New York Commercial Advertiser, December 24th. The admiralty did not want it, and it was sold into the whaling business. There is some important whaling intelligence by this arrival. It would save those companies sending out whale ships hundreds of thousands of dollars, if they resolve to remove the seat of the whaling interest to the Pacific side. October 29, 1903,San Francisco Call, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. 3. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. It was possible in those days to begin as a foremast hand and work up to the position of captain. Santa Maria Mayflower HMS Victory USS Constitution HMS Beagle Flying Cloud RMS Lusitania RMS Titanic USS Arizona Battleship Bismarck 1 - Santa Maria The California Gray Whale. It would be transported to New York and Boston in clippers in a much shorter time. Her owner, Mr. Nixon, voices the general sentiment of the private sealers in declaring that he does not credit the statements concerning the massing of so many American cruisers in Behring sea. Whale oil comes from the blubber of right and bowhead whales, and the head cavity of sperm whales. During a hunt, these men rowed the whaleboats to their prospective prey. This list may not reflect recent changes. 400 Years of Florida Shipwrecks. Joan Druett provides captivating portraits of many of these wives and the difficult circumstances they endured. On Wednesday, scientists announced they . The inducements are great, and though some obstacles exist at present, we imagine means can be devised whereby these may be removed. Paul Watson, (born December 2, 1950, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Canadian American environmental activist who founded (1977) the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, an organization that sought to protect marine wildlife. Updates? The Narwhal 1924. She was in San Francisco on multiple occasions and was in the news throughout her career. (Dover Maritime) It was used primarily for oil lamps. Full-aged Male Fur Seal, St. Paul's Island Agents Wanted. The diplomatic negotiations now going on between Great Britain and the United States, and other phases of the Behring Sea dispute seem to have no effect on the preparations being made, both here and at Victoria, for an active season in Bearing Sea. However, although they found freshwater, there was little food. Poetic and metaphysical definitions take the form of brief essays full of yearning, mystery, and discovery that sail beneath such headings as Brain, Fate, Hunger, Idolatry, Omen, Paradox, Starry Archipelagoes, Tattoo, and Void. On August 12, 1819, the Essex set sail on its fateful last journey, heading from Nantucket to the South Pacific Ocean. Richly illustrated with 133 halftones, 17 line illustrations. It is not as easy to spend money off Cape Barrow as it used to be among those lovely isles, where the skies forever smile and the blacks forever weep. Whaling Station at Carmel Bay The Walrus In late October 1820 they reached Charles Island and collected more tortoises before one of the crew members started a fire that soon spread throughout the small island, causing the men to flee. The Dolphins ~ WhalingMuseum.org. Of the whole whaling fleet in 1889, only 36 vessels pursued the whale in Atlantic waters from Baffin Bay to the Falkland Islands, and only eight followed their calling in the South Pacific; while 42 fished the icy waters of the Arctic and Behring Sea, and nine the sea of Okhotsk and the waters of Siberia. All rights reserved. The Yankee Whaler She made eight successful voyages to the whaling grounds in all parts of the world. The whaling schooner, the smallest whaler, generally undertook 6-month voyages, while brigs, barks, and ships might be at sea for three or four years. $11. Name of the boat that appears in the novel Moby-Dick. The hunting continued to prove largely disappointing until the ship reached the waters off Peru, where it took more than 10 whales. Our whalers make our very best seamen, and on their industry, in a great measure, depends the prosperity of some of the finest towns in the United States. An American by the name of Packhard was in possession of the principal storehouse at Ayan when the George was there, and he appeared to be doing a thriving business, as a great number of pack animals came into town from the country and carried off the stores he sold. California Grays among the Ice Facing near death, the men on Pollards boat decided to draw lots to see who would be killed and eaten. The Hercules was one of the famous ships of old Salem. Alistair Ogilvy sang Bonny Ship the 'Diamond' in 2012 on his Greentrax CD Leaves Sae Green. Description of a Skeleton of the Right Whale. But thats pending deliberations right now.. Racial and cultural stereotypes persisted and three groups in particular experienced limitations on advancement: African-Americans; Cape Verdeans; Pacific Islanders (also known as "Kanakas," a term derived from the Polynesian "Te Enata," which means "the men"). The whaling museum in Ballum, garden fences made of long-weathered whale bones. , 650 bbls; Nassau, Murdock, N.B., 1100; bque Harvest, Spencer, Fair Haven, 4 whales; ships Rebecca Simons, Gavitt, N.B. The golden age of American whaling lasted from around 1835 - 1860 when the most profitable whaling grounds were discovered. Whalemen ate and slept according to their rank. The California Gray Whale, and the Finback Whale Five days later another crew member died, and he was also cannibalized. In this city, Ross & Hewlett are fitting out the schoonerMattie T. Dyerfor a sealing cruise to the north; A. P. Lorentzen is also fitting out the schoonerHelen Blumfor a similar purpose. Everyone has grown up hearing stories of swashbuckling ship captains who would fight off pirates, high seas, and storms bravely. (California Natural History Guides) The City of Hudson, NY, 120 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, founded in 1783 by seafaring Quakers from Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard and New Bedford who transformed a sleepy boat landing at the head of navigation on the Hudson River into a booming city and a bustling port that rivaled New York City. With over 200 color photos, this step-by-step guide addresses scrimshaw tools, patterns, inking, and inlays. She was known as a lucky ship because she always returned a profit regardless of rough seas, storms, or cannibals. Each commanded their own whaleboat, and acted as the captains direct supervisors of the rest of the crew. The Essex resumed its journey, and on November 20, 1820, it was more than 1,500 nautical miles (2,800 km) from the Galapagos. Blubber-fork; Stirring-pole; Skimmer; Bailer, and Fire-pile Here in this article, we present you the top 10 famous ships of all time. The following named vessels are reported as having arrived from the California coast : Whale-ships General Scott and Winslow, barques President Kelly and Endeavor. The industry plummeted.By the early 1970s, the United States had listed eight whales as endangered species. Indian Whaling Implements Published by Henry Lindsey, TO THE PUBLIC: We issue this morning the first number of the "Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchant's Transcript." 164 Robles Way The points observed may be islands scattered round the meridian of 70 , and inside of them there may be an open sea such as surrounds the North Pole. Its whaling industry built on the Southampton drift-whale and shore-whaling trades. Ships Kingfisher, Capt. Icelandic whaling vessels in Reykjavk harbour. People in New Bedford use the term greenhorn to this day. The Orca, or Killer Ranks on a Whaleship Scrimshaw, the carvings done by sailors in the off watches, were done on whale teeth and the larger bones. The work of getting the Morgan ready for another cruise will begin at once.. Esquimaux Whaling Canoe and Whaling Implements Confederate cruisers like the Shenandoah, the Alabama and the Florida destroyed more than 50 Yankee whalers. January 17, 1892,San Francisco Call, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. TheCallis indebted to Mr. M. McDonald, United States Commissioner of Fisheries, for advance sheets of the census return on the whale fishery of the United States. Lagoon-whaling. The early deep sea whalers usually carried crews comprised of men from New England and Long Island, members of the Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe on Noepe (Martha's Vineyard), and African-Americans. Pierson, of Cold Spring, was wrecked on Jonas Island, June 5th; : all hands saved, but ship and cargo lost. The whaling bark Charles W. Morgan came in last night from the Okhotsk Sea with 500 barrels of oil and 5000 pounds of bone for J. and W. R. Wing. As Hull, Whitby, Peterhead, and other northern ports expanded their whaling fleets, Liverpool's began a slow decline. December 3, 2015. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Whatever its reason, the whale began speeding toward the Essex, ramming the port (left) side. DEWEY & CO. Sperm Whale in Search of Food We refer to the boarding-house runners, whose business it is to board every vessel entering this port, to entice the seamen away; and this is said to be especially the case with whalemen putting in here for repairs, whose crews usually have considerable sums due them, while the dissipations in this city are greater inducements for desertion than at any other point on the Pacific. Clara Bell is said to be worth $24,000; the Arctic, $32,000 ; the Desmond, $24,000). Intelligence in Whales, Dolphins, and Humans Paul Poiret, a Parisian designer, introduces a "slim, up-and-down" line of women's clothing, undercutting demand for corsets, and thereby baleen. . Allen, Uldeon Allen & Son, $36,000; Java Second, Joshua 0. A low-ranking sailor might get half a percent of the final take, or profit. The rescue from Australia was a success, and when the news reached Dublin, a procession of thousands of people marched, burning effigies of Disraeli and the Duke of Cambridge. Embryos of a California Gray Whale. Marine Mammals of the North Pacific Coast In warmer climates, baleen was also used as a roofing material. The Humpback Whale. Publishers of the Mining and Scientific Press, Later attempting to explain the normally timid creatures unusual behaviour, some have speculated that the hammering on the whaleboat sounded similar to the clicks made by whales to communicate. She became the biggest ship that sank during World War I and, more so, tragically. Even though the island was unknown to them, the desperate men set a course for it, and on December 27 they left Henderson, though three sailors decided to remain behind. The captain earned the largest share, perhaps 1/8th, and the green hand (inexperienced crewman) the least, as little as 1/350th. BY CHARLES M. SCAMMON. Essex, American whaling ship that was rammed by a sperm whale on November 20, 1820, and later sank. Terror, one of two ships lost during the ill-fated Franklin expedition. There are men here at all times to be had -- ready for a cruise to any portion of the world. Some Scotch vessels have paid from 45 to 65 per cent, for the past twenty years. A Northern Whaling Scene March 23, 2022. From the time of the really big lumps that once brought fame and glory, there is only what is now called history on Ameland: the 400-year-old dwellings of former captains of whaling ships. Finely Illustrated The Finback Whale. Male Sea Lion Sleeping and Male Sea Lion Waking While it has been said the Eskimos passed this art form on to the New England sailors and whalers, sailors and whalers led the way to the modern Scrimshaw we see today. On the 29th of April, 1875, he described seeing the ship forty miles out to sea, eating our dinner of hard tack, salt beef and cheese abroad. The Blackfish 207-year-old whaling ship found in Gulf of Mexico The remains of the only known whaling ship to sink in the Gulf of Mexico shine a light on the industry's history of employing nonwhite crewmembers who could have been enslaved or imprisoned had they come ashore. Ages: 15 years and up. She or he will best know the preferred format. The famed Essex, an inspiration for Moby Dick, was sunk by a whale in 1820: of its crew of nineteen, six were black. In former days the most valuable whale was the sperm whale, which yielded whale oil and sperm for illuminating purposes, and occasionally a lump of ambergris. Implements belonging to a Whale boat, Pierces Harpoon Bomb-lance Gun; Bomb-lance; and Diagram showing inside of Bomb-lance Although shorthanded, the ship sailed on, stopping at Hood Island, Galapagos, where they fixed a leak on the Essex and caught nearly 200 tortoises. he stores necessary to fit, out a whaler will soon be for sale as low here as on the Atlantic. The world of the ship was isolated, highly structured, racially integrated, and, by the mid-1800s, increasingly populated by captains' wives and children who joined on longer voyages. The whaling barkCharles W. Morganpassed Point Reyes at 2:30 yesterday afternoon and will be in port probably some time to-day. Another complication was that many Clan branches wanted to send their own men to Australia, but OReilly thought that only one man was needed. Williams, of New London, was wrecked on Cape Elizabeth, about the 14th of June: all hands and cargo saved. Listening to Whales: What the Orcas Have Taught Us The other objections urged against San Francisco are found at every important point, and are scarcely worthy of notice. Man Proposes, God Disposes Painting. The two vessels were then separated the following day, and the boat carrying Hendricks and two othersnone of whom had navigational equipmentwas never seen again; a whaleboat with three skeletons was later found on Ducie Island, though it was never determined if they were from the Essex. October 30, 1900,San Francisco Call, San Francisco, California, The whaling barkCharles W. Morgan,arrived from the Okhotsk Sea (image right: c. 1811) yesterday with 1400 barrels of sperm oil, 270 barrels whale oil and 3000 pounds of whalebone. Petticoat Whalers: Whaling Wives at Sea, 1820-1920 1 2. Whale oil and baleen (sometimes called whalebone, although its not bone at all) were valuable commodities. Pages are filled with tips, techniques, and insights that both educate and demonstrate the steps to creating authentic and beautiful scrimshaw. The song's roots are in English folk tunes. That included men whose options on shore were limited because of their race or background, and immigrants who often landed in New Bedford aboard vessels they had crewed. The sinking inspired the climactic scene in Herman Melville 's Moby Dick (1851). California Shore-whaling. Hudson's Merchants and Whalers: The Rise and Fall of a River Port, 1783-1850 November 20, 1902,San Francisco Call, San Francisco, California. 3 If a boat drew even with the whale, then it would be harpooned and, following a chase, lanced and brought down. The Whiteheaded or Mottled Grampus In the early 19th century, whaling was an extremely difficult profession. This individual had complete control and authority over the whaleship and its operations. After being told of the men on Ducie, the Australian ship Surry was dispatched to the island. In 1975, its wreck was located, and it became the world's biggest and most well-preserved passenger liner. However, Chase and Second Mate Matthew Joy believed that they would likely encounter cannibals. After returning to Nantucket, Chase wrote Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-ship Essex (1821; republished under various titles). Appearance of a Male Sea Lion when Roaring, and Female Sea Lions, of St. Paul's Island From the New York Commercial Advertiser, December 24th. wards developing the wealth and resources of the State than has been effected or all the plans and speeches of politicians since the State was organized. Construction and whaling The whaling barksCharles W. MorganandCaliforniahave cleared for another whaling cruise, and within a few days all the blubber hunters that are not going to lay up for the winter will be heading for the whaling grounds. Chris Hemsworth stars in the Ron Howard-directed In the Heart of the Sea, which opens Dec. 11 . Cutting-tackle toggled to the blanket-piece Mary Chipman Lawrence White Whale, or Whitefish of the Whalers No. . (FIRST EDITION ISSUED 1874). William Turner. She will hunt whales during the winter months in the South Seas, will later follow the leviathans to Japanese waters and will finish up, late next summer, in the Okhotsk Sea. The difference in the price here and in Boston is thirty per cent, in favor of the latter market. The Brownded Dolphin of Santa Barbara Channel 1907. The whales were scarce, wild, and very small. The Maritime Heritage Project ~ Maritime Nations, Etchings Of A Whaling Cruise: With Notes Of A Sojourn On The Island Of Zanzibar, To Which Is Appended A Brief History Of The Whale Fishery. Hence they seldom desert for the purpose of going there. Today, fine scrimshaw miniatures adorn handcrafted knives, jewelry, billiard cues, cigarette lighters, and many other objects. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. War, whaling, salmon fishing, sealing, and transporting cargo each required a different canoe.In 1855, devastated by successive outbreaks of smallpox and facing pressure from the U.S. government, the Makah signed the Treaty of Neah Bay. After immersing himself in Moby Dick for many years, poet and teacher Beachy-Quick found himself embarked on a mad task. Following Ishmaels lead, he has created a whalers dictionary. On January 10, 1821, Joy became the first sailor to die, and he was buried at sea; his boat then fell under the command of Obed Hendricks. In several of the ship-chandlers' establishments at Victoria are to be seen diminutive cannon, of both brass and iron, none of them larger than a 4 pounder. 900 bbls; barque Mary Gardiner, Lowen, Sag Harbor, 7 whales; ship John Wells, Bessie, N.B., 5 whales; India, Long, New London; 2600 bbls; barque Venice, Lester, N.L., 3 whales; Delaware, Homan, N.L., 1000 bbls; ships Sheffieler, Green, Cold Spring, 5 whales; Roman, Blackman, N.B., 5 whales; Sept. 25th, bques Covington, Fall River, 500 bbls; Oscar, Cross, Mattapoisett, 450 bbls; Brunswick; Butler, Dartmouth, 450 bbls; Franklin, Richmond, N.B., 900 bbls. In Etchings Of A Whaling Cruise: With Notes Of A Sojourn On The Island Of Zanzibar, To Which Is Appended A Brief History Of The Whale Fishery (New York, 1846), J. Ross Browne describes the crew's quarters called the forecastle, or, in sailor's parlance, the fo'c'sle: The larger a vessel, the greater distances it could travel. On some ships, the men on board were all neighbors. After speaking of the whalers engaged in taking the monsters of the deep in or near the bay of Monterey, the Sentinel give these following extract from an Eastern paper: A movement is going on in New Bedford to remove the seat of the whaling interest from that place and the other Atlantic ports, to some point on the Pacific coast. American School. August 23, 1855, Sacramento Daily Union, Sacramento, California. Kristen Dell, National Geographic Society, National Geographic News: Whaling Nations Blame Whales for Fish Declines, University of Washington: The Makah TribePeople of the Sea and the Forest. The Sea Elephant A fine, colorful and definitive study of whaling. With the 1851 discovery of gold in Australia, however, sailors deserted their ships en masse to travel to the goldfields. What Mocha Dick destroyed are whaling . Diagram showing the manner of cutting in the Bowhead and Right Whale Alexandra Morton The Bottled-nosed Grampus Chases work inspired Herman Melvilles Moby Dick (1851). The whaling barkCharles W. Morganstarted yesterday on her regular cruise. Below is a look back at some of those people who were talked about in the exhibit. Hitch, $16,000; Josephine, Swift & Perry, $40,000; Marengo, B. H. Bartlett & Sons. Seal Spear of the Makah Indians, Nee-ah Bay, W. T., 1866, and Spear Head, full size, with line attached DALevy @ MaritimeHeritage.org B. C., June 15. Indeed, between 1815 and 1825 Hull had around 2,000 men employed in whaling, with over 60 whaling ships. Despite the dangers of the trade, the Essex became known as a lucky vessel. . Skilled mariners, the Makah carved specific canoes for each task. Jack Sparrow. The Right Whale of the Northwestern Coast. There were 21 men on boardincluding the first-time captain, George Pollard, Jr.and the trip was expected to last up to three years. The Catalpa was in fact used as a whaling vessel, and on 30th May assisted a brig in trouble. . Describes whaling trade, rigging, gear and handicrafts; construction and outfitting of ships, with fascinating details and anecdotes about whales and whaling waters, whaling men, methods of attack, crafts and routines, much more. LARGE QUARTO, 319) PAGES. Captain Hathaway was excited by the venture, referring to the ship as the Horse in his letters and using racing metaphors. Mary talks about life and death on the whaler and all of their adventures. Although Pollard offered to take his place, the teenager refused. Christensen converted an old cargo ship into the first modern floating factory ship. Both Japan and Norway voted against this policy. Please inform us if you link from your site. Clifford Ashley In addition, New Bedford contributed 37 old whaling ships to the war effort in the form of the "Stone Fleet." Essex, American whaling ship that was rammed by a sperm whale on November 20, 1820, and later sank. They indicate a gradual decay in an industry which was once very important indeed. Something more than 15,000 gallons per month are produced. Under this theory, the agitated animal believed that the boat was actually another male that had entered his territory. Ship Edgar, Capt. Framed by icebergs, a group of whalers pursue a bowhead . Ayan has about one hundred houses, and the principal laborers are the natives, who have been captured by the Russians and reduced to servitude. Their case is one which calls for both private and national assistance. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The first whaling trawler fleet were commissioned by Emperor Finlay Morgengaard's in 1631. Nantucket may draw attention for its stunning beaches, elite summer visitors, and historical role as the whaling capital of the world. 9.) Captain/Master: Perhaps the term Master was more applicable than captain. Realizing that the ship was doomed, Pollard believed they should head for either the Marquesas or Society islands, more than 1,200 miles (2,200 km) or 2,000 miles (3,700 km) away, respectively. The Scrimshaw Gallery, home of a vast selection of nautical art, scrimshaw, paintings and prints, knives, sculptures and other collectibles. Next season the fleet will be increased by the addition of fire ships from our whaling ports, sent out expressly, and may be enlarged still further by the addition of ships from the line cruisers, attracted North by the seasons success. Some three weeks later, another sailor in that boat died, and the decision was made to cannibalize his body. The shipwreck formally known as No. Whale Destroying Whaling Ship Painting. We have heretofore, called attention to this subject, so important to the future welfare of San Francisco; and we believe it only remains for our citizens to follow the example of some of the oil dealers of this city, o throw a portion of the whaling business into this port. American whaling flourished from the late 1700s through the mid-1800s. Realizing they would need to continue sailing, the crew returned to their navigation charts and determined that while Chile was 3,000 miles (5,600 km) away, Easter Island was less than 1,000 miles (1,900 km). There is a request by the Makah Indian tribe, which is in northern Washington state, to resume gray whale hunting, which they had traditionally done. On January 28 Pollard lost his first man, who was cannibalized. The Whitefish, or White Whale. Austin Herrick, 1796 - 1862 Lived at 17 . WITH AN ACOUNT OF THE AMERICAN WHALE FISHERY. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Foremast Hands/Crewmen: The majority of the crew was made up of foremast hands. Cachalot is an old name for the sperm whale. Whalebone is either polished and hardened for use in the bone, or it is soaked, rotted, and strung out into threads for making cushions, sofas, chairs, etc. In 2017 we had an exhibit called Hunting the Whale: The Rise and Fall of a Southampton Industry which highlighted the story of a handful of whaling Captains that lived in Southampton and told the story of how Southampton participated in the whaling industry. In addition, Thomas Nickerson, a cabin boy on the Essex, later wrote his account of the sinking and rescue, but the notebook was lost and not published until 1984. Though whales were never hunted in San Francisco Bay itself, the whaling industry had a long presence along the Pacific Coast. These ranks, arranged in a rigid hierarchy, determined the authority each crew member held. Yankees from New England and Long Island; The American whaling fleet, based on the East Coast, operated hundreds of ships in the South Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The George was in the port of Ayan at the time the English steamer Baracouta entered, and was ordered out by the commander of the British vessel, which order he complied with after two days. Their vessels, oil, earnings and all were left in the frozen sea, and they are now without a dollar in money or credit. Whaling was said to be good money but sailors quickly discovered the truth. Common subjects were portraits of the ship they were sailing on and maybe the ship's captain; there were also portraits of wives or sweethearts back home, all kinds of sea creatures, mermaids and such. She was built in Haverhill in the year 1805 and although she went many voyages to all parts of the world was not larger than a small two masted coasting schooner. Leopard Seal and Sea Otter Omissions? June 17, 1885,Daily Alta California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. The book begins with the China Tea trade in the late 18th century and ends with the last whaler leaving New Bedford in 1924. Sources: As noted on entries and through research centers including National Archives, San Bruno, California; CDNC: California Digital Newspaper Collection; San Francisco Main Library History Collection; and Maritime Museums and Collections in Australia, China, Denmark, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Wales, Norway, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, etc. the George is discharging.

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