Stumbling on happiness. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. Thus, there is potential for counselors to develop well-being promotion initiatives for students on university campuses targeting PsyCap and its constituting positive psychological HERO resources with the end goal of strengthening well-being (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2015; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. You made the JV team in 10th grade, later played in college, and still think of Callahan every time you succeed at work. (2015). Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. Positive psychologists have asserted that studies of wellness and flourishing are important in understanding adaptive behaviors and the potential for growth from challenging circumstances (Joseph & Linley, 2008; Seligman, 2011). Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). Overall, as seen in Table 1, all three variables studiedPsyCap HERO dimensions, eight PERMA elements, and coping strategieswere highly related. The financial crisis and the well-being of Americans: 2011 OEP Hicks lecture. And having to stay home can be lonely. The uncertainties arising from COVID-19 have added to anticipatory anxiety regarding the future (Ray, 2019; Witters & Harter, 2020). or funding contributions for the development Instruments utilized in the study measured psychological capital (Psychological Capital Questionnaire [PCQ-12]; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), coping (Brief COPE; Carver, 1997), and well-being (PERMA-Profiler; Butler & Kern, 2016). Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x 8600 Rockville Pike Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). Finkelstein-Fox, L., & Park, C. L. (2019). 44106, 10900 Euclid Ave. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207222. Ask your supervisor for help. F. Luthans et al. WebSupport in faith was a positive predictor for perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. 2023. For example, students had to stay home, adapt to online learning, modify internship placements, and/or reconsider graduation plans and jobs. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008. This study examined the relationships between psychological capital (PsyCap), coping strategies, and well-being among 609 university students using self-report measures. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593, Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J.-R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). Think about the things you have done in the past that have brought you joy or helped you manage your stress. Penguin. Current Psychology. The experience of emotional wellbeing. Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. B. Adaptive coping strategiessuch as active coping, acceptance, using emotional support, and positive reframingwere found to better aid in predicting well-being. Am J Orthopsychiatry. Exercise regularly. https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. 10.1007/s12144-020-01304-z The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Even something as simple as turning on your webcam during virtual classes can help you and others feel more connected. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). Look for tasks you can postpone or simply eliminate from your to-do list. Now is my chance to help others. Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. With each PERMA element individually rendering to flourishing mental health, specific targeted positive psychology interventions might be offered as domain-specific interventions. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. Regarding race/ethnicity, most participants identified as Caucasian (83.6%, n = 509), while the remaining participants identified as African American (5.3%, n = 32), Hispanic or Latina/o (9.5%, n = 58), American Indian (0.8%, n = 5), Asian (3.6%, n = 22), or Other (2.7%, n = 17). The coping strategy of active coping (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 4. Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure Research Question 3 Seligmans (2011) PERMA model is one of the most highly regarded models of well-being. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from Health Psychology Review, 13(2), 137162. Research Question 2 B., & Everette James, A. You can only control your own thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). Sci Prog. The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. Yet, despite the rapid emergence of these important studies, we still know little about how college students . For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. If so, please share them using this form. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 548556. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. The average scores of negative emotion and loneliness increased from 4.46 and 3.86 to 5.85 and 5.94, respectively. Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227. Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). The predictive role of PsyCap on well-being at two time points (before and after the onset of COVID-19) was analyzed using multivariate multiple regression (see Table 2). The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. Now is my chance to help others. Investigating the current state of emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and college nursing students in Anhui Province found that women showed more severe anxiety and fear than men and COVID-19 is a pressure source with great influence, both for individuals and for the social public groups. Measuring PERMA+ in South Australia, the State of Wellbeing: A comparison with national and international norms. Methods: This article used narrative literature review to explore literature review from the following databases namely Web of Science, Google, COVID-19 has impacted every aspect of life around the world. While PsyCap directly relates to well-being and coping strategies relate to well-being, our findings indicated that coping strategies also played a significant mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. Next are engagement (E), the act of being highly interested, absorbed, or focused in daily life activities, and relationships (R), the feelings of being cared about by others and authentically and securely connected to others. Babicka-Wirkus A, Kozowski P, Wirkus , Stasiak K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. Cluster analysis for strategies of. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(2), 191199. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key findings are that the optimism, hope, and resilience dimensions of PsyCap are significant predictors of well-being, explaining a large amount of variance, with adaptive coping being conducive to flourishing. The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. Dont judge yourself; just do the best you can. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. The authors reported no conflict of interest Clarifying the relation of acculturative stress and anxiety/depressive symptoms: The role of anxiety sensitivity among Hispanic college students. If family members are distracting you, use I statements to explain the problem--Im worried about my exam next weekand work together to develop solutions. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose WebCoping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review. Make sure to validate their emotions, letting them know their feelings and frustrations are understandable. -. Worries about sickness, finances, and isolation, coping with grief from loss, and having less outside help have made parenting more stressful. Karen. Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510676, Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). https://doi.org/10.2196/20185, Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. The impact of business school students psychological capital on academic performance. Christine Suniti Bhat, PhD, LPC, LSC (OH), is a professor and the interim director of the George E. Hill Center for Counseling & Research at Ohio University. As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. Northwestern University. Guilford. Over the past decade, PsyCap has been applied to university student development and mental health. The results allow for concluding that the students' maladaptive strategies of coping with stress, especially during the pandemic, may result in long-term consequences for their psychophysiological health and academic achievements. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373, Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. 2021. Demographic Questionnaire Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Point-biserial correlation and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships of demographic variables, PsyCap, and coping strategies with change in PERMA scores. OH Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. 2022 Oct 27;19(21):13994. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113994. It is very good for your High levels of stress are expected when crises affect peoples lives. You might have lost funding or your job. COVID-19 is challenging us to be creative in being emotionally close but socially distant. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0088. Changes in the PERMA Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Such a decline in well-being following a pandemic is consistent with previous occurrences of public health crises or natural disasters (Deaton, 2012). The coping strategy of planning (mean) among students in individual program years (F, Fig 5. Factorial structure of Brief COPE for international students attending U.S. colleges. Internalizing and Externalizing Disorder Levels among Adolescents: Data from Poland. 2023 Jan 20;20(3):1921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031921. Relationship of Demographic Factors, Psychological Capital, and Coping Strategies With Change in PERMA Elements, Note. Visit your App store or the Houseparty Appwebsite. Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 148. Best Colleges (April 20, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9933-3, Hoover, E. (2020). Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Medicine, Psychology. The final two pillars are meaning (M), a sense of purpose in life that is derived from something greater than oneself, and accomplishment (A), a persistent drive that helps one progress toward personal goals and provides one with a sense of achievement in life. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Consistent with prior research (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; Youssef-Morgan & Luthans, 2015), we found that PsyCap predicted well-being. Helpful strategies of coping The COVID-19 pandemic has meant additional stress, fear, and worry for many families. Indeed, optimism and hope each uniquely predict a major proportion of variance of the change in well-being and may together help students to face an uncertain future (M. W. Gallagher & Lopez, 2009). Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032752. Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). Washington Post. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541572. SAGE. As a result, they had to adopt different coping strategies to overcome the predicament that they were trapped in. COVID-19 hastened a trend that was already ongoing before the pandemic outbreak: the progressively increasing use of distance and online teaching and learning, alongside with lectures and classes. COVID-19 and school closures impacted many children and adolescents' mental health and well-being. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which radically changed students' daily functioning. Before Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2623. Aim of the Study and Research Questions Fig 2. How Do I Feel Better When The World Is Burning? Changes in PERMA elements were calculated by subtracting PERMA scores reported retrospectively by participants before the pandemic from scores reported at the time of data collection during COVID-19, and a repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to examine the difference. Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. In general, problem-focused coping strategies, also known as adaptive coping strategies, include planning, active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humor (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). The .gov means its official. Coping strategies were evaluated using the Brief COPE questionnaire (Carver, 1997), which is a short form (28 items) of the original COPE inventory (Carver et al., 1989). Given the current realities of physical distancing, there are fewer opportunities for traditional-age university students attending primarily residential campuses to maintain social connections, resulting in social fragmentation and isolation. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Current Psychology, 36(4), 875887. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. Each item is rated on an 11-point scale ranging from never (0) to always (10), or not at all (0) to completely (10). Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 10981118. Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Engage your senses with hot baths or fragrant candles. Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Psychological capital and beyond. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. The uncertainty about what comes next. The questionnaire included items related to age, gender, race/ethnicity, relationship status, education classification, and employment status. Recently, the use of positive psychology smartphone apps such as Happify and resilience-building video games such as SuperBetter have been suggested and tested as motivational tools, especially with younger adults, to foster sustained and continued engagement with PsyCap development (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; McGonigal, 2015). Data Analysis Procedure The current study investigated the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) with university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the relationships between PsyCap (F. Luthans et al., 2007), coping strategies, and well-being of university students. Flatt, A. K. (2013). Sheldon and Lyubomirsky (2006) indicated that practicing gratitude helps people to cope with negative situations because it enables them to view such situations through a more positive lens. Your classmates have probably scattered. Objectives: To explore and describe the coping strategies used by student nurses during COVID-19. 44106-7164, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, COVID-19: Our Body, Our Brains, Our Trauma. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 321332. An official website of the United States government. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. P = Positive Emotion, Coping with this stress may help you. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in OH Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Engagement coping includes problem-focused coping and some forms of emotion-focused coping, such as support seeking, emotion regulation, acceptance, and cognitive restructuring. The U.S. Would you like email updates of new search results? Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 5372. Connection and disconnection as predictors of mental health and wellbeing.

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